Inleiding
De wereld van de informatietechnologie (IT) is enorm in beweging en dientengevolge ook de wereld van de educatieve instrumentatietechnologie. Een vloedgolf van nieuwe media komt op ons af; niet alleen op de consument, maar ook, en vooral, op de ontwerper van multimedia- programmatuur. De ontwerper wordt heen en weer geslingerd tussen verschillende opvattingen over het ontwerpen en ontwikkelen van software. Een ontwerper dient een bepaald houvast te hebben aangaande enkele essentiële basisbegrippen, methoden en theorieën. De belangrijkste van deze basisbegrippen zullen tijdens zijn opleiding aan de orde moeten komen.
Dit hoofdstuk gaat over auteurssytemen, programmeersystemen, programmeertalen maar ook over script-talen. Dit hoofdstuk geeft een opsomming van belangrijke, vrij, in de handel aan te schaffen 'Authoring Systems'; ook iets over frame-based systems; web-based systems; over 'tagging' en over enkele paradigma's, o.a. het scripting paradigma. De tekst komt van internet en is van Jamie Siglar (1998/99). (Bewerking R. Min, 2000)
An Authoring System is a program which has pre-programmed elements for the development of interactive multimedia software titles. Authoring systems vary widely in orientation, capabilities, and learning curve. There is no such thing (at this time) as a completely point-and-click automated authoring system; some knowledge of heuristic thinking and algorithm design is necessary. Whether you realize it or not, authoring is actually just a speeded-up form of programming; you don't need to know the intricacies of a programming language, or worse, an API, but you do need to understand how programs work.
2. Why would anyone want to use an authoring system?
It generally takes about 1/8th the time to develop an interactive multimedia project, such as a CBT program, in an authoring system as opposed to programming it in compiled code. This means 1/8 the cost of programmer time and likely increased re-use of code (assuming that you pass this project's code to the next CBT project, and they use a similar or identical authoring system). However, the content creation (graphics, text, video, audio, animation, etc.) is not generally affected by the choice of an authoring system; any production time gains here result from accelerated prototyping, not from the choice of an authoring system over a compiled language.
3. What is an authoring paradigm?
Also known as the authoring metaphor, this is the methodology by which the authoring system accomplishes its task. There are various paradigms, including:
The Scripting paradigm is the authoring method closest in form to traditional programming. The paradigm is that of a programming language, which specifies (by filename) multimedia elements, sequencing, hotspots, synchronization, etc. A powerful, object-oriented scripting language is usually the centerpiece of such a system; in-program editing of elements (still graphics, video, audio, etc.) tends to be minimal or non-existent. Scripting languages do vary; check out how much the language is object-based or object-oriented. The scripting paradigm tends to be longer in development time (it takes longer to code an individual interaction), but generally more powerful interactivity is possible. Since most Scripting languages are interpreted, instead of compiled, the runtime speed gains over other authoring methods are minimal. The media handling can vary widely; check out your system with your contributing package formats carefully.
5. What is the Iconic/Flow Control paradigm?
This tends to be the speediest (in development time) authoring style; it is best suited for rapid prototyping and short-development time projects. Many of these tools are also optimized for developing Computer-Based Training (CBT). The core of the paradigm is the Icon Palette, containing the possible functions/interactions of a program, and the Flow Line, which shows the actual links between the icons. These programs tend to be the slowest runtimes, because each interaction carries with it all of its possible permutations; the higher end packages, such as Authorware or IconAuthor, are extremely powerful and suffer least from runtime speed problems.
6. What is the Frame paradigm?
The Frame paradigm is similar to the Iconic/Flow Control paradigm in that it usually incorporates an icon palette; however, the links drawn between icons are conceptual and do not always represent the actual flow of the program. This is a very fast development system, but requires a good auto-debugging function, as it is visually un-debuggable. The best of these have bundled compiled-language scripting, such as Quest (whose scripting language is C) or Apple Media Kit.
7. What is the Card/Scripting paradigm?
The Card/Scripting paradigm provides a great deal of power (via the incorporated scripting language) but suffers from the index-card structure. It is excellently suited for Hypertext applications, and supremely suited for navigation intensive (a la Cyan's "MYST" game) applications. Such programs are easily extensible via XCMDs and DLLs; they are widely used for shareware applications. The best applications allow all objects (including individual graphic elements) to be scripted; many entertainment applications are prototyped in a card/scripting system prior to compiled-language coding.
8. What is the Cast/Score/Scripting paradigm?
The Cast/Score/Scripting paradigm uses a music score as its primary authoring metaphor; the synchronous elements are shown in various horizontal "tracks" with simultaneity shown via the vertical columns. The true power of this metaphor lies in the ability to script the behavior of each of the cast members. The most popular member of this paradigm is Director, which is used in the creation of many commercial applications. These programs are best suited for animation-intensive or synchronized media applications; they are easily extensible to handle other functions (such as hypertext) via XOBJs, XCMDs, and DLLs.
9. What is the Hierarchical Object paradigm?
The Hierarchical Object paradigm uses a object metaphor (like OOP) which is visually represented by embedded objects and iconic properties. Although the learning curve is non-trivial, the visual representation of objects can make very complicated constructions possible.
10. What is the Hypermedia Linkage paradigm?
The Hypermedia Linkage paradigm is similar to the Frame paradigm in that it shows conceptual links between elements; however, it lacks the Frame paradigm's visual linkage metaphor.
11. What is the Tagging paradigm?
The Tagging paradigm uses tags in text files (for instance, SGML/HTML, VRML, 3DML and WinHelp) to link pages, provide interactivity and integrate multimedia elements.
12. What is an Authoring Suite?
Currently, an authoring suite is a single program that combines multiple authoring and tracking views, as well as pre-authoring, instructional design, and project management functions. The current offerings in this type of tool are optimized for CBT production, and include BGW Multimédia's Tactic! or Allen Communications' Manager's Edge
13. Can I develop all of my material in the authoring system?
Yes, but you probably shouldn't. Although most packages allow you to create content using their in-built tools, these tend to be rudimentary when compared with those available in dedicated programs. For more professional output, you should use software dedicated to the creation and editing of that medium, and then import/integrate the content into your multimedia program.
Major content-development packages are likely to include:
14. What is the best authoring system?
This is the most impossible question you could ask. It's like asking what's the best hammer -- it depends upon the job you're trying to do, and sometimes (like when you're working on plumbing), there is no answer. Qualify your question, and there'll be a prayer of answering it.
This is a question an authoring specialist can answer (just as soon as you fill in the blanks, and add any other qualifying data).
16. What are the names of some authoring systems?
Macintosh Authoring Systems:
NeXT Authoring Systems:
OS/2 Authoring Systems:
Solaris Authoring Systems:
Windows Authoring Systems:
Vervolg:
De hierna volgende losse tekstfragmenten gaan over:
Je dient de daar genoemde begrippen en de indelingen (in bijvoorbeeld soorten) voor de toets te weten en te kennen.
Enschede, nov, 2000.
DOS Authoring Systems:
TenCORE is actually two products: TenCORE Producer, which is a frame paradigm authoring system, and TenCORE Language Authoring System, which is a scripting paradigm authoring system. TenCORE LAS has discernable Plato roots.
CourseBuilder 5.0 is an iconic/flow control paradigm authoring system optimized for CBT delivery. Allows scriptless interactive courseware construction.
Currently in version 7.0, this popular general market product follows the cast/score/scripting paradigm, which makes it the tool of choice for animation content. Its roots as a cel- and sprite-animation program are unmistakable; and its inclusion of Lingo, its object-based scripting language, has made it the animation-capable program to beat. The AfterBurner compression Xtra creates Shockwave files, allowing Web playback.
Flash 3.0 is a cast/score/scripting tool, which primarily uses vector graphics (and can create vector graphics from imported bitmaps). It is optimized for Web delivery, and is especially common for banner adds and small interactive web deliverables.
HyperCard is a card/scripting authoring system currently in version 2.4.1. It runs natively on both 68K and PowerMacintosh machines, and is widely used because of its easy availability at $99. Its largest drawback is the lack of integrated color; current color implementation is via the ColorTools XCMD set (included) or via third-party XCMDs.
SuperCard 3.5 shines among the card/scripting authoring systems. With built-in support for 24-bit color, hypertext, and external media handling (QuickTime, PICS, Filmstip, PICT, AIFF), this is the best of its paradigm. This is an excellent tool for hypermedia implementation.
Currently in version 5.0, this follows the iconic/flow control paradigm with a limit per individual file of 32,000 icons. Authorware supports jumping between files (the maintainer has worked on projects greater than 100 MB in content), jumping out to apps and even printing from them. This has unparalleled external media support, and can encapsulate all non-motion media content into apps and content libraries, or leave media files external for dynamic access. Authorware supports character-styled text and extensive navigation structures including hypertext. This tool is optimal for CBT and rapid prototyping.
CourseBuilder 5.0 is an iconic/flow control paradigm authoring system optimized for CBT delivery. Allows scriptless interactive courseware construction.
Currently in version 7.0, this popular general market product follows the cast/score/scripting paradigm, which makes it the tool of choice for animation content. Its roots as a cel- and sprite-animation program are unmistakable; and its inclusion of Lingo, its object-based scripting language, has made it the animation-capable program to beat. The AfterBurner compression Xtra creates Shockwave files, allowing Web playback.
Flash 3.0 is a cast/score/scripting tool, which primarily uses vector graphics (and can create vector graphics from imported bitmaps). It is optimized for Web delivery, and is especially common for banner adds and small interactive web deliverables.
This is a Hypermedia Linkage authoring system, whose interface is more than vaguely reminiscent of Visual Basic; has a relatively powerful scripting language. Formula Graphics is available as shareware, with only the packaging functions disabled.
TenCORE is actually two products: TenCORE Producer, which is a frame paradigm authoring system, and TenCORE Language Authoring System, which is a scripting paradigm authoring system. TenCORE LAS has discernable Plato roots.
Windows NT Authoring Systems:
Currently in version 7.0, this popular general market product follows the cast/score/scripting paradigm, which makes it the tool of choice for animation content. Its roots as a cel- and sprite-animation program are unmistakable; and its inclusion of Lingo, its object-based scripting language, has made it the animation-capable program to beat. The AfterBurner compression Xtra creates Shockwave files, allowing Web playback.
Flash 3.0 is a cast/score/scripting tool, which primarily uses vector graphics (and can create vector graphics from imported bitmaps). It is optimized for Web delivery, and is especially common for banner adds and small interactive web deliverables.
Toolbook is a card/scripting authoring system now broken into components: Instructor, the standard tool; Assistant, the pre-built templates; CBT Systems, optimized for CBT production; and CMS Plus, a course-management system. Toolbook includes database linkage, MCI compliance and many examples (called "Widgets") of interactivity. This newest version exports HTML and Java for Web delivery.
UNIX Authoring Systems:
WWW-capable Multimedia Authoring Systems:
Currently in version 7.0, this popular general market product follows the cast/score/scripting paradigm, which makes it the tool of choice for animation content. Its roots as a cel- and sprite-animation program are unmistakable; and its inclusion of Lingo, its object-based scripting language, has made it the animation-capable program to beat. The AfterBurner compression Xtra creates Shockwave files, allowing Web playback.
Flash 3.0 is a cast/score/scripting tool, which primarily uses vector graphics (and can create vector graphics from imported bitmaps). It is optimized for Web delivery, and is especially common for banner adds and small interactive web deliverables.
Platform-independent (Java, JavaScript) Authoring Systems:
17. What print magazines deal with authoring systems?
.... zie elders ...
18. What books deal with authoring systems?
.... zie elders ...
19. What software titles deal with authoring systems?
.... zie elders ...